Occasional Load
2021年4月12日Register here: http://gg.gg/p0ge8
Enter an occasional load factor, used in many construction codes to increase the allowable stress for an event that is considered occasional in nature. Such occasional loads are wind, seismic, and the lifting of a vessel. The occasional load factor is multiplied by other terms in the allowable stress equation to get th. First of all, let’s explain what running a generator off load means. It means running the generator without any building or load bank load so the generator effectively is running on idle. Whilst good to ensure the generator is able to start and run correctly without any issues, if only run off load.
*Occasional Load Shedding
*B31.3 Occasional Load Factor
*Occasional Loads In Piping
*Occasional Loads B31.3
*Occasional Loader
Every Piping system is subjected to different loads during its design life which develops stresses in the system. Depending on the stress design basis the system is classified as stress critical or non- stress critical. All the stress critical system shall be stress analyzed using software system (eg.Caesar II) to keep the stresses within the allowable limits as per the code/standard. The types of loads to be considered in Stress Analysis shall be as given in table:
a) Thermal Loads at Various Operating Conditionsb) Sustained Loadsc) Seismic Loadsd) Wind Loadse) PSV Reaction Forcef) Slug Forceg) Forces Induced by Surge Pressurea) Thermal Loads at Various Operating Conditions
Analysis Temperature and Pressure to be used shall be as mentioned below.Analysis Temperature
Normally the Design temperature (Maximum/ Minimum values as per Line List) shall be used for thermal analysis.
For those lines having Design temperature greater than 80 deg. C and if the difference between Operating and Design temperature is more than 25 deg. C, the maximum/minimum Operating temperatures, as obtained from Process Group, may be used in Stress Analysis in place of the Design temperature.
In addition to the Maximum/Minimum Design/Operating temperatures, Piping shall also be analyzed for the Normal Operating temperature.Analysis Pressure
Line Design Pressure specified in the Line List shall be considered as the analysis pressure.b) Sustained Loads
Sustained loads to be considered are as given below:
*
*Design pressure.
*Weight of Pipe and associated components such as Flanges, Valves, Strainer,
*Sight glass etc., mounted on the Piping System.
*Weight of Fluid/contents in the piping.
*Insulation and cladding weight.
*Hydro test loads, if applicable for the line.
*Snow load, if applicable.c) Seismic Loads
For Projects where Seismic Design is to be carried out, equivalent Static Seismic Analysis method in Caesar II shall be used to evaluate the seismic stresses, displacements and loads on the piping system.
If the Seismic coefficient is not provide by the client, then the calculation of static seismic co-efficient in terms of ‘g’ based on Project site-specific data shall be calculated as per relevant codes (UBC/ASCE/SNIP/others as applicable). In that case, the Seismic factor calculation document shall be enclosed as an Attachment to the Project Stress Analysis Design basis document.The normal Operating Temperature shall be used when analyzing for Occasional loads. Seismic loads shall be considered as acting along the horizontal axes (both in +ve and in the –ve directions, that is, along North, South, East and West directions), but not acting simultaneously.d) Wind Loads
Wind loads shall be considered for lines with outside diameter 14” NB (including insulation) & above and at Elevation 10 meters & above from ground level. The normal Operating Temperature shall be used when analyzing for Occasional loads.
Wind shape factor shall be considered as 0.7. Wind loads shall be considered as acting along the horizontal axes (both in the +ve and in the –ve directions, that is, along North, South, East and West directions), but not acting simultaneously.Wind pressure for the different Elevations shall be specific to the Project as per the Project Civil/Structural design basis. The same shall be considered for wind data input in piping analysis.e) PSV Reaction Force
If the Piping System being analyzed consists of PSV (pressure safety valve), the reaction force due to PSV operation shall be considered as applicable and a static equivalent method of stress analysis shall be performed considering the same.A Dynamic Load Factor equal to 2.0 shall be applied on the valve reaction force value. However, in the case of valves of high reaction force values, the DLF value calculated as per appendix-II of ASME B31.1 may be used, based on valve data if provided by Vendor.f) Slug Force
For lines having slug flow regime, as identified by the Process group on P&ID/line list, slug force shall be considered in the piping stress analysis. Slug force shall be calculated as below:
Fslug = (ρ) (A) (V2) [2(1 – cos θ)]1/2 DLF
Where,
Fslug = Force due to slug in Newton.
ρ = Density of the slug in Kg/m3,
A = Inside area of pipe cross section in m2,
V = Velocity of moving slug in m/sec.
θ = inclusion angle at elbow or change of direction
DLF = Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) equal to two shall be used, unless more accurate value is available.
Fig 1: Forces at a 90° bend (or 90° change in direction or at intersection)Faxial = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF
Forthogonal = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF
Slug properties shall be obtained from Process group.Equivalent static analysis in Caesar-II shall be performed to simulate slug loading in piping system, with the slug force calculated as above.g) Forces Induced by Surge PressureOccasional Load Shedding
The effect of surge on any line, as identified by the Process group or a specialist agency, shall be considered in piping analysis.
However two concurrent occasional loadings need not to be considered in piping stress analysis.Piping stress analysis can use code ASME B31.1 as reference calculation and design. Code ASME B31.1 for power piping analysis is belonging to the American society of mechanical engineers. In code ASME B31.1 there are empirical formulas that apply to the sustain load, expansion load, and the combination of sustain and expansion load (during operations), and also occasional load are described as the following below:
*Sustain loadThe stresses (S) that occur due to sustain the load such as pressure, weight and other mechanical loads can be expressed by the equation as follows:B31.3 Occasional Load Factor(P Do / 4 tn) + 1000(0.75 i Ma / Z) ≤ 1.0 Sh
*Range Thermal Expansion LoadThe stresses that occur due to thermal expansion can be expressed as the equation below:SE = 1000(i Mc / Z) ≤ SA + f(Sh – SL)
*Combination Load of Sustain load and Thermal Expansion LoadThe stresses due to combination of sustained load and thermal expansion load (Sls + SE), can be calculated with the equation:Sls + SE = (P Do / 4 tn) + 1000(0.75 i Ma / Z) + 1000(i Mc / Z) ≤ (Sh + Sa)
*Occasional LoadThe stresses that occur due to pressure, weight, and other sustain load can be expressed as the equation below:(P Do / 4 tn) + 1000(0.75 i Ma / Z) + 1000(i Mc / Z) ≤ K ShOccasional Loads In PipingP = internal design pressure (psi)Ma = Moment due to sustain load (in-lbs)Mc = Range of the moment due to thermal expansion (in-lbs)Occasional Loads B31.3tn = nominal wall thickness of pipe (in)Occasional LoaderK equal to 1.15 for the occasional load which work less than 1% of the operating period and is equal to 1.20 for the occasional load which work less than 10% of the operating period.
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Enter an occasional load factor, used in many construction codes to increase the allowable stress for an event that is considered occasional in nature. Such occasional loads are wind, seismic, and the lifting of a vessel. The occasional load factor is multiplied by other terms in the allowable stress equation to get th. First of all, let’s explain what running a generator off load means. It means running the generator without any building or load bank load so the generator effectively is running on idle. Whilst good to ensure the generator is able to start and run correctly without any issues, if only run off load.
*Occasional Load Shedding
*B31.3 Occasional Load Factor
*Occasional Loads In Piping
*Occasional Loads B31.3
*Occasional Loader
Every Piping system is subjected to different loads during its design life which develops stresses in the system. Depending on the stress design basis the system is classified as stress critical or non- stress critical. All the stress critical system shall be stress analyzed using software system (eg.Caesar II) to keep the stresses within the allowable limits as per the code/standard. The types of loads to be considered in Stress Analysis shall be as given in table:
a) Thermal Loads at Various Operating Conditionsb) Sustained Loadsc) Seismic Loadsd) Wind Loadse) PSV Reaction Forcef) Slug Forceg) Forces Induced by Surge Pressurea) Thermal Loads at Various Operating Conditions
Analysis Temperature and Pressure to be used shall be as mentioned below.Analysis Temperature
Normally the Design temperature (Maximum/ Minimum values as per Line List) shall be used for thermal analysis.
For those lines having Design temperature greater than 80 deg. C and if the difference between Operating and Design temperature is more than 25 deg. C, the maximum/minimum Operating temperatures, as obtained from Process Group, may be used in Stress Analysis in place of the Design temperature.
In addition to the Maximum/Minimum Design/Operating temperatures, Piping shall also be analyzed for the Normal Operating temperature.Analysis Pressure
Line Design Pressure specified in the Line List shall be considered as the analysis pressure.b) Sustained Loads
Sustained loads to be considered are as given below:
*
*Design pressure.
*Weight of Pipe and associated components such as Flanges, Valves, Strainer,
*Sight glass etc., mounted on the Piping System.
*Weight of Fluid/contents in the piping.
*Insulation and cladding weight.
*Hydro test loads, if applicable for the line.
*Snow load, if applicable.c) Seismic Loads
For Projects where Seismic Design is to be carried out, equivalent Static Seismic Analysis method in Caesar II shall be used to evaluate the seismic stresses, displacements and loads on the piping system.
If the Seismic coefficient is not provide by the client, then the calculation of static seismic co-efficient in terms of ‘g’ based on Project site-specific data shall be calculated as per relevant codes (UBC/ASCE/SNIP/others as applicable). In that case, the Seismic factor calculation document shall be enclosed as an Attachment to the Project Stress Analysis Design basis document.The normal Operating Temperature shall be used when analyzing for Occasional loads. Seismic loads shall be considered as acting along the horizontal axes (both in +ve and in the –ve directions, that is, along North, South, East and West directions), but not acting simultaneously.d) Wind Loads
Wind loads shall be considered for lines with outside diameter 14” NB (including insulation) & above and at Elevation 10 meters & above from ground level. The normal Operating Temperature shall be used when analyzing for Occasional loads.
Wind shape factor shall be considered as 0.7. Wind loads shall be considered as acting along the horizontal axes (both in the +ve and in the –ve directions, that is, along North, South, East and West directions), but not acting simultaneously.Wind pressure for the different Elevations shall be specific to the Project as per the Project Civil/Structural design basis. The same shall be considered for wind data input in piping analysis.e) PSV Reaction Force
If the Piping System being analyzed consists of PSV (pressure safety valve), the reaction force due to PSV operation shall be considered as applicable and a static equivalent method of stress analysis shall be performed considering the same.A Dynamic Load Factor equal to 2.0 shall be applied on the valve reaction force value. However, in the case of valves of high reaction force values, the DLF value calculated as per appendix-II of ASME B31.1 may be used, based on valve data if provided by Vendor.f) Slug Force
For lines having slug flow regime, as identified by the Process group on P&ID/line list, slug force shall be considered in the piping stress analysis. Slug force shall be calculated as below:
Fslug = (ρ) (A) (V2) [2(1 – cos θ)]1/2 DLF
Where,
Fslug = Force due to slug in Newton.
ρ = Density of the slug in Kg/m3,
A = Inside area of pipe cross section in m2,
V = Velocity of moving slug in m/sec.
θ = inclusion angle at elbow or change of direction
DLF = Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) equal to two shall be used, unless more accurate value is available.
Fig 1: Forces at a 90° bend (or 90° change in direction or at intersection)Faxial = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF
Forthogonal = (ρ) (A) (V2) DLF
Slug properties shall be obtained from Process group.Equivalent static analysis in Caesar-II shall be performed to simulate slug loading in piping system, with the slug force calculated as above.g) Forces Induced by Surge PressureOccasional Load Shedding
The effect of surge on any line, as identified by the Process group or a specialist agency, shall be considered in piping analysis.
However two concurrent occasional loadings need not to be considered in piping stress analysis.Piping stress analysis can use code ASME B31.1 as reference calculation and design. Code ASME B31.1 for power piping analysis is belonging to the American society of mechanical engineers. In code ASME B31.1 there are empirical formulas that apply to the sustain load, expansion load, and the combination of sustain and expansion load (during operations), and also occasional load are described as the following below:
*Sustain loadThe stresses (S) that occur due to sustain the load such as pressure, weight and other mechanical loads can be expressed by the equation as follows:B31.3 Occasional Load Factor(P Do / 4 tn) + 1000(0.75 i Ma / Z) ≤ 1.0 Sh
*Range Thermal Expansion LoadThe stresses that occur due to thermal expansion can be expressed as the equation below:SE = 1000(i Mc / Z) ≤ SA + f(Sh – SL)
*Combination Load of Sustain load and Thermal Expansion LoadThe stresses due to combination of sustained load and thermal expansion load (Sls + SE), can be calculated with the equation:Sls + SE = (P Do / 4 tn) + 1000(0.75 i Ma / Z) + 1000(i Mc / Z) ≤ (Sh + Sa)
*Occasional LoadThe stresses that occur due to pressure, weight, and other sustain load can be expressed as the equation below:(P Do / 4 tn) + 1000(0.75 i Ma / Z) + 1000(i Mc / Z) ≤ K ShOccasional Loads In PipingP = internal design pressure (psi)Ma = Moment due to sustain load (in-lbs)Mc = Range of the moment due to thermal expansion (in-lbs)Occasional Loads B31.3tn = nominal wall thickness of pipe (in)Occasional LoaderK equal to 1.15 for the occasional load which work less than 1% of the operating period and is equal to 1.20 for the occasional load which work less than 10% of the operating period.
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